【1999年8级测试英译汉】
In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons1: to extend the family line or the family name2, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family3. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places.
In addition, one class of family reasons shares a border with the following category4, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife5, to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way6. The point is underlined by its converse7: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce. 8
Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.9 To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family—they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence10 of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension.
【1999年8级测试汉译英】
加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁生日,但城市的发展令世界瞩目。以港立市,以港兴市,是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。经过百年开发建设,有着天然不冻良港的温哥华,成为举世闻名的港口城市,同亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班轮,年货物吞吐量达到8,000万吨,全市就业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。
温哥华(Vancouver)的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶,其中包括多民族的贡献1。加拿大地广人稀,国土面积比中国还大,人口却不足3000万2。吸收外来移民,是加拿大长期奉行的国策
3。可以说,加拿大除了印第安人外,无一不是外来移民,不同的只是时间长短而已4。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市5。现今180万温哥华居民中,有一半不是在本地出生的,每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人6。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用7。他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的,使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地8。
【1999年8级测试英译汉】
【概述】
本文是一篇典型的议论型语篇,用词正式,句法复杂,逻辑严谨,读起来很不顺口。这类文章很难理解,一般需要较高的推理能力。翻译时,要特别注意整篇文章的逻辑关系,特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。
【翻译要点评析】
familial reasons:家族原因。
to extend the family line or the family name:就是汉语的传宗接代,延续香火。
to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family:字面意思为“使那些涉及到家庭的宗教仪式得以正常进行”,但这样的译文读起来很生硬,可以意译为“维系礼仪”。
to share a border with sth: 与…有联系。
occupy the wife:occupy此处意为使忙碌,即“使妻子忙碌,让妻子有事可做”,不可直译为“占有妻子”。
to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way:英语善用名词或名词短语,但汉语喜用动词,因此翻译时用转译法将 the assumption译为“多生孩子,因为他们认为,多子才能多福”。
The point is underlined by its converse:underline 显示(其重要性),整句译为“这一点从相反的方面更易显现。”
in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce:and在此处表示递进的关系,译为“也,而且”,全句译为“不生孩子(或不生男孩)不仅是婚姻的一种威胁,还成为离婚的便当理由。”
Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.:beyond all that意为除此以外;institution 和 family是同位关系,其意义并不是“风俗习惯”或“制度”,而是人类社会长期以来就有的社会机构或部门。因此institution of the family itself.这个短语译为“家庭自身这个机构或部门”。
redemptive influence:赎救作用。该用法与基督教的教义有关,认为生孩子可以赎罪,可以了却罪孽,因为人类的共同祖先亚当和夏娃因吃禁果而有了罪孽。
【参考译文】
在有些社会,要孩子只是为了所谓的家族原因:传宗接代,延续香火,安慰祖辈,维系礼仪。在现代世俗社会中,这类原因似显苍白,但在其他地方,这些原因确实强劲有力。
此外,有一类家族原因与下面一组原因共通,即生儿育女是为了维系或改善婚姻:能拴住丈夫或者让妻子有事可做;修复或重振婚姻;之所以多生孩子是因为他们认为多子多福。反过来说:在某些社会中,不生孩子(或不生男孩)不仅是婚姻的一种威胁,还成为离婚的便当理由。
此外,更为重要的是,孩子对于家庭这一机构自身尤为重要。对许多人来说,夫妻两人还不算一个真正意义上的家庭——他们需要孩子来丰富两人小天地,使它具有家庭特征,并使他们自己从中获得赎救。
孩子需要家庭,家庭似乎也需要孩子。在一个变幻莫测、常常是充满敌意的世界中,家庭作为一种社会机构,以其特有的方式,至少在原则上,需要在孩子身上获得某种安全感、慰藉、保障和指望。对于多数人来说,这种原本意义上的家的基地,需要不止一个人来维持,使其代代相传,生生不息。
【1999年8级测试汉译英】
【概述】
这段文字是对加拿大著名港口城市温哥华的简要介绍,语言清晰流畅,理解起来并不困难,除了“辉煌”、“结晶”等少数词汇外,翻译时在措辞上也不存在太多问题。但是原文少数句子与句子之间、句子内部各成分之间的逻辑关系和语义关系不是很明确,译成汉语时应根据译入语的表达习惯灵活转换。汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness),英语语法呈外显性(overtness);汉语重意合,英语重形合,因此英语句子中外在的形式连接手段很多,连词的使用也远远多于汉语,这一点对本文的翻译尤为重要。
【翻译要点评析】
1.第一句中的“辉煌”一词在时下可汉语中很常见,多用作形容词,如“辉煌的成就”brilliant achievement、“战果辉煌”brilliant military victory等。但现在这个词也越来越多地用作名词,如“走向辉煌”、“未来的辉煌”等等。从原文的整体出发,“温哥华的辉煌”可以理解为“温哥华的繁荣”,the prosperity of Vancouver。
“其中包括多民族的贡献”一句中“民族”不可理解为汉语中常说的“少数民族”(national minorities)。加拿大是个移民国家,温哥华也是个移民城市,其居民来自世界各地,属于不同的“族裔”,因此应译作ethnic groups。
“温哥华(Vancouver)的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶,其中包括多民族的贡献”这个句子在汉语上是讲得过去的,但是如果照字面翻译成“The glory of Vancouver is the result of the wisdom and diligence of the people of Vancouver, including the contributions of many ethnic groups.” 就不符合逻辑。可以转换成定语从句,作插入语。
该句中的另一个难点是“……是……的结晶”这种比喻的译法。其实无独有偶,英文中也有同样的比喻,如 crystallization of wisdom 智慧的结晶 (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary),不妨信手拈来。
2.第二句三个分句,却有三个不同的主语,看似三个并列句,实际上第二、第三部分是对第一部分的解释或证明。译成英文时应该确定主语,并决定把哪些信息放在主句中。其余则可灵活处理,安排在从句、独立结构等次要位置,Canada is a large but sparsely populated country, with a territory larger than that of China but a population of less than 30 million。 有人使用boast 一词来翻译该句Canada boasts of a large territory and a small population 不太妥当,因为boast的意思是to possess with pride 骄傲地拥有。“地大”值得骄傲,“人稀”似乎并不是值得骄傲的地方。
3.第三句中的“外来移民”不宜按字面译为overseas immigrants 或foreign immigrants,因为immigrants 这个词本身的意思就是person who has come to live in a foreign country。“长期奉行的国策”也有一个较固定的说法 pursue the national policy of ….
4.该句需要进行句型转换,决定谁主谁从,使译文的句子结构主次分明,同时也将原文的逻辑关系表示出来。可以将“除了印第安人外”转换成一个介词短语作插入语,把“不同的只是时间长短而已”转换成一个非限定性定语从句who differ from each other only in how long they have lived in the country。也可使用分译法,一句译成两句It is correct to say that all Canadians are immigrants except the native Indians. They differ only in how long they have lived in the country。
5.“屈指可数”极言数量之少,可用one of the few. “多民族城市”中的“多民族”是multinational或multi-ethnic。
6. “亚洲人”根据上下文应理解为“亚裔人”,people of Asian origin, 或people who come from Asia。能仅仅译成Asians。同样下句中的“华人”也可指’“加籍华人”,严格讲是生活在温哥华的华人,可译为Chinese Canadians in Vancouver。
7. “经济转型”是近年来常在我国报刊杂志上出现的词, 因为我国正处在经济转型期,其英文是economic transformation。“对……起决定性作用”,可借用play a decisive role, 是固定说法。
8.最后一句的翻译也有两种处理方法,一种是拆译法,将一句分成两句来译。另一种方法是将前一部分确定为主句,后一部分转换成一个伴随成分。第二种译法更符合英文的表达习惯。此外,“温哥华地区”中的“地区”不是行政区划的prefecture, 而是一个地理概念,指的是“温哥华市及其周边地区”,所以可译为the Vancouver area.
【参考译文】
The prosperity of Vancouver, to which many ethnic groups have contributed, is the crystallization of its people’s wisdom and industriousness. Canada, a sparsely populated big country, has a territory larger than that of China, but only a population of less than 30 million. Admitting immigrants has therefore become the long-term national policy pursued by Canada. It is safe to say that the Canadians, aside from the Indians, are all immigrants, who differ from each other only in how long they have lived in the country. Vancouver is one of the few multinational cities in the world. Among the 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half were born outside the country, and of every four residents one comes from Asia. The 250 thousand Chinese immigrants have played a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver. Half of them have come to the Vancouver area within the past five years, turning it into the largest Chinese settlement outside of Asia.